- Preamble
- Introduction
- Definition, epidemiology and prognosis
3.1. Definition of heart failure
3.2. Terminology
3.3. Epidemiology, aetiology and natural history of heart failure
3.4. Prognosis
- Diagnosis
4.1. Symptoms and signs
4.2. Essential initial investigations: natriuretic peptides, electrocardiogram, echocardiography
4.3. Algorithm for the diagnosis of heart failure
- Cardiac imaging and other diagnostic tests
5.1. Chest X-ray
5.2. Transthoracic echocardiography
5.3. Transoesophageal echocardiography
5.4. Stress echocardiography
5.5. Cardiac magnetic resonance
5.6. Single-photon emission computed tomography and radionuclide ventriculography
5.7. Positron emission tomography
5.8. Coronary angiography
5.9. Cardiac computed tomography
5.10. Other diagnostic tests
- Delaying or preventing the development of overt heart failure or preventing death before the onset of symptoms
- Pharmacological treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
7.1. Objectives in the management of heart failure
7.2. Treatments recommended in all symptomatic patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
7.3. Other treatments recommended in selected patients with symptomatic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
7.4. Other treatments with less-certain benefits in patients with symptomatic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
7.5. Treatments not recommended (unproven benefit) in patients with symptomatic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
7.6. Treatments not recommended (believed to cause harm) in patients with symptomatic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
- Non-surgical device treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
8.1. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
8.2. Cardiac resynchronization therapy
8.3. Other implantable electrical devices
- Treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
9.1. Effect of treatment on symptoms in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
9.2. Effect of treatment on hospitalization for heart failure in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
9.3. Effect of treatment on mortality in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
9.4. Other considerations
- Arrhythmias and conductance disturbances
10.1. Atrial fibrillation
10.2. Ventricular arrhythmias
10.3. Symptomatic bradycardia, pauses and atrio-ventricular block
- Co-morbidities
11.1. Heart failure and co-morbidities
11.2. Angina and coronary artery disease
11.3. Cachexia and sarcopenia
11.4. Cancer
11.5. Central nervous system (including depression, stroke and autonomic dysfunction)
11.6. Diabetes
11.7. Erectile dysfunction
11.8. Gout and arthritis
11.9. Hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia
11.10. Hyperlipidaemia
11.11. Hypertension
11.12. Iron deficiency and anaemia
11.13. Kidney dysfunction (including chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, cardio-renal syndrome, and prostatic obstruction)
11.14. Lung disease (including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
11.15. Obesity
11.16. Sleep disturbance and sleep-disordered breathing
11.17. Valvular heart disease
- Acute heart failure
12.1. Definition and classification
12.2. Diagnosis and initial prognostic evaluation
12.3. Management
12.4.Management of evidence-based oral therapies
12.5. Monitoring of clinical status of patients hospitalized due to acute heart failure
12.6. Criteria for discharge from hospital and follow-up in high-risk period
12.7. Goals of treatment during the different stages of management of acute heart failure
- Mechanical circulatory support and heart transplantation
13.1. Mechanical circulatory support
13.2. Heart transplantation
- Multidisciplinary team management
14.1. Organization of care
14.2. Discharge planning
14.3. Lifestyle advice
14.4. Exercise training
14.5. Follow-up and monitoring
14.6. The older adult, frailty and cognitive impairment
14.7. Palliative / end-of-life care
- Gaps in evidence
- Appendix 1
- References