1. Normal and abnormal anatomy of the heart and the conduction system

  • Ho, S.Y., & Ernst, S. (2012). Anatomy for cardiac electrophysiologists: a practical handbook. Chapters: General anatomy of the heart, Positioning of standard catheters, Electrical anatomy and accessory pathways, The right atrium relevant to supraventricular tachycardia, The atrial septum and transseptal access, The left atrium and pulmonary veins relevant to AF ablation, The right ventricle, The left ventricular.
  • Cabrera JA, Sánchez-Quintana D. Cardiac anatomy: What the electrophysiologist needs to know. Heart 2013;99:417–31.
  • Arshad A, Atkinson AJ. A 21st century view of the anatomy of the cardiac conduction system. Translational Research in Anatomy 2022;28:100204.
  • D'Avila A, Scanavacca M, Sosa E, Ruskin JN, Reddy VY. Pericardial anatomy for the interventional electrophysiologist. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2003 Apr;14(4):422-30.

2. Normal and abnormal general physiology and heart electrophysiology including ion channels, cellular electrophysiology, autonomous system influences, and the basic mechanisms of rhythm disorders, syncope, and sudden death

  • Issa, Ziad F., et al. Clinical Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology: A Companion to Braunwald’s Heart Disease. Fourth edition., Elsevier, 2024. Chapters: Molecular mechanisms of cardiac electrical activity, Cardiac ion channels, Electrophysiological mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias, Sinus node dysfunction, Atrioventricular conduction abnormalities, Intraventricular conduction abnormalities, Focal atrial tachycardia, Typical atrial flutter, Macroreentrant atrial tachycardia (“Atypical atrial flutter”), Atrial fibrillation, Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, Atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia.
  • Callans D. Josephson's clinical cardiac electrophysiology: Techniques and interpretations. Seventh edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2024. Chapters: General principles and techniques of electrophysiologic investigation, Intraventricular conduction disturbances, Ectopic rhythms and premature depolarizations.

3. Basic electrophysiology principles (intervals, refractoriness, conduction velocity, block/gap)

  • George J. Klein, MD, et al. (2014). Electrophysiological maneuvers for arrhythmia analysis.
  • Callans D. Josephson's clinical cardiac electrophysiology: Techniques and interpretations. Seventh edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2024. Chapters: General principles and techniques of electrophysiologic investigation, Atrioventricular conduction, Miscellaneous phenomena related to atrioventricular conduction.

4. Basic arrhythmia mechanisms (macro re-entry, micro re-entry, automatism, triggered activity)

  • Issa, Ziad F., et al. Clinical Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology: A Companion to Braunwald’s Heart Disease. Fourth edition., Elsevier, 2024. Chapters: Molecular mechanisms of cardiac electrical activity, Cardiac ion channels, Electrophysiological mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias, Focal atrial tachycardia, Typical atrial flutter, Macroreentrant atrial tachycardia, Atrial fibrillation: Pathophysiology and epidemiology, Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia.
  • Paul D. Purves, BSc, RCVT, CEPS, et al. Cardiac Electrophysiology 2. 2014.
  • Callans D. Josephson's clinical cardiac electrophysiology: Techniques and interpretations. Seventh edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2024. Chapters: Supraventricular tachycardias, Atrial flutter and fibrillation, Recurrent ventricular tachycardia.

5. Impulse formation and conduction within the heart (sinus node function, sinoatrial conduction, atrial conduction and refractoriness, AV nodal and His-Purkinje physiology, ventricular conduction and refractoriness)

  • Ziad F., et al. Clinical Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology: A Companion to Braunwald’s Heart Disease. Fourth edition., Elsevier, 2024. Chapters: Sinus node dysfunction, Atrioventricular conduction abnormalities, Intraventricular conduction abnormalities.
  • Callans D. Josephson's clinical cardiac electrophysiology: Techniques and interpretations. Seventh edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2024. Chapters: Sinus node function, Atrioventricular conduction, Intraventricular conduction disturbances, Ectopic rhythms and premature depolarizations.

6. Arrhythmic disorders (epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology, ECG, clinical features and diagnosis, prognosis and risk evaluation, treatment, prevention):

6.1. Sinus Node and Atrial Impulse Formation and Their Disorders

  • Monfredi O, Dobrzynski H, Modal T, et al. The anatomy and physiology of the sinoatrial node—A contemporary review. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2010 Nov;33(11):1392-406. DOI:1111/j.1540-8159.2010.02838.x
  • John RM, Kumar S. Sinus Node and Atrial Arrhythmias. 2016 May 10;133(19):1892-900. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.018011
  • Farinha JM, Gupta D, Lip GYH. Frequent premature atrial contractions as a signaling marker of atrial cardiomyopathy, incident atrial fibrillation, and stroke. Cardiovasc Res. 2023 Mar 31;119(2):429-439. DOI:1093/cvr/cvac054
  • Dobrzynski H, Boyett MR, Anderson RH. New Insights Into Pacemaker Activity: Promoting Understanding of Sick Sinus Syndrome. Circulation 2007;115:1921–32. 

6.2. AV Nodal and His-Purkinje Conduction Disorders

  • Kottkamp H. Fibrotic atrial cardiomyopathy: a specific disease/syndrome supplying substrates for atrial fibrillation, atrial tachycardia, sinus node disease, AV node disease, and thromboembolic complications. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2012 Jul;23(7):797-9. DOI:1111/j.1540-8167.2012.02341.x
  • Boyden PA. Purkinje physiology and pathophysiology. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2018 Aug;52(3):255-262. doi: 10.1007/s10840-018-0414-3. Epub 2018 Jul 28. PMID: 30056516.
  • Ziad F., et al. Clinical Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology: A Companion to Braunwald’s Heart Disease. Fourth edition., Elsevier, 2024; Chapter 10 Atrioventricular conduction abnormalities, Chapter 11   Intraventricular conduction abnormalities.

6.3. Atrial and Thoracic Vein Ectopy and Tachycardias

  • Roberts-Thomson KC, Kistler PM, Kalman JM. Atrial tachycardia: mechanisms, diagnosis, and management. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2005 Oct;30(10):529-73. DOI:1016/j.cpcardiol.2005.06.004
  • Chen YJ, Chen SA. Thoracic vein arrhythmias. Circ J. 2007;71 Suppl A:A20-5. DOI:1253/circj.71.a20
  • Haïssaguerre M, Jaïs P, Shah DC, Takahashi A, Hocini M, Quiniou G, et al. Spontaneous Initiation of Atrial Fibrillation by Ectopic Beats Originating in the Pulmonary Veins. N Engl J Med 1998;339:659–66.

6.4. Typical Atrial Flutter

  • Bun SS, Latcu DG, Marchlinski F, Saoudi N. Atrial flutter: more than just one of a kind. Eur Heart J. 2015 Sep 14;36(35):2356-63. DOI:1093/eurheartj/ehv118

6.5. Atypical Right and Left Atrial Flutter/Tachycardias

  • Johner N, Namdar M, Shah DC. Atypical Atrial Flutter: Electrophysiological Characterization and Effective Catheter Ablation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2025 Jan 17. doi: 10.1111/jce.16543. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39821917.
  • Markowitz SM, Thomas G, Liu CF, et al. Atrial Tachycardias and Atypical Atrial Flutters: Mechanisms and Approaches to Ablation. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev. 2019 May;8(2):131-137. doi: 10.15420/aer.2019.17.2.
  • Atrial Topology for a Unified Understanding of Typical and Atypical Flutter.https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/epdf/10.1161/CIRCEP.124.013102 (9 May 2025) 

6.6. Atrial Fibrillation

  • Ziad F., et al. Clinical Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology: A Companion to Braunwald’s Heart Disease. Fourth edition., Elsevier, 2024. Chapter 16 Atrial fibrillation:Pathophysiology and epidemiology. 
  • Nattel S. Emerging themes in the molecular pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2025 Mar;22(3):876-877. DOI:1016/j.hrthm.2024.12.040 

6.7. Junctional and AV Node Ectopy and Tachycardias

  • Tchou P, Nemer D, Saliba W, et al. Junctional Tachycardia: A Critical Reassessment. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2023 Mar;9(3):425-441. DOI:1016/j.jacep.2022.10.040
  • Katritsis DG, Sepahpour A, Marine JE, Katritsis GD, Tanawuttiwat T, Calkins H, et al. Atypical atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: Prevalence, electrophysiologic characteristics, and tachycardia circuit. Europace 2015;17:1099–106. 

6.8. Accessory Pathway Mediated Tachycardias

  • Nelson JA, Knowlton KU, Harrigan R, et al. Electrocardiographic manifestations: wide complex tachycardia due to accessory pathway. J Emerg Med. 2003 Apr;24(3):295-301. DOI:1016/s0736-4679(02)00764-3
  • Katritsis DG, Josephson ME. Differential diagnosis of regular, narrow-QRS tachycardias. Heart Rhythm. 2015 Jul;12(7):1667-76. DOI:1016/j.hrthm.2015.03.046
  • Warren Jackman's Art of War: A Sniper's Approach to Catheter Ablation. 2019 https://www.heartrhythm365.org/AssetListing/Warren-Jackman-s-Art-of-War-A-Sniper-s-Approach-to-Catheter-Ablation-2773/Warren-Jackman-s-Art-of-War-A-Sniper-s-Approach-to-Catheter-Ablation-13864 

6.9. Ventricular Ectopy and Tachycardias

  • Marcus GM. Evaluation and Management of Premature Ventricular Complexes. 2020 Apr 28;141(17):1404-1418. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.042434
  • Whitaker J, Wright MJ, Tedrow U. Diagnosis and management of ventricular tachycardia. Clin Med (Lond). 2023 Sep;23(5):442-448. DOI:7861/clinmed.2023-23.5.Cardio3 

6.10. Ventricular Fibrillation

  • Jalife J. Ventricular fibrillation: mechanisms of initiation and maintenance. Annu Rev Physiol. 2000;62:25-50. DOI:1146/annurev.physiol.62.1.25
  • Haïssaguerre M, Duchateau J, Dubois R, Hocini M, Cheniti G, Sacher F, et al. Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation. JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology 2020;6:591–608. 

6.11. Autonomic Disorders (Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity, Reflex Syncope)

  • Skeete J, Gordon JS, Kavinksy L, et al. Cardioneuroablation for the management of neurally mediated syncope, sinus bradycardia, and atrioventricular block. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2024 Sep 27. DOI:1007/s10840-024-01923-7 
  • Penela D, Berruezo A, Roten L, et al. Cardioneuroablation for vasovagal syncope: insights on patients' selection, centre settings, procedural workflow and endpoints-results from an European Heart Rhythm Association survey. 2024 May 2;26(5):euae106. DOI: 10.1093/europace/euae106. 
  • Marrese A, Persico R, Parlato E, Faccenda D, Salucci A, Comparone G, Pergola V, Ammirati G, Addeo L, Fonderico C, Cocchiara L, Volpe A, Visconti P, Rapacciuolo A, Strisciuglio T. Cardioneuroablation: the known and the unknown. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2024 Jul 26;11:1412195. DOI: 3389/fcvm.2024.1412195

7. Arrhythmogenic diseases and syndromes (epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology, ECG, clinical features and diagnosis, prognosis and risk evaluation, treatment, prevention):

7.1. Ischaemic or post-infarction myocardial dysfunction

  • Cardiac arrhythmias in acute coronary syndromes: position paper from the joint EHRA, ACCA, and EAPCI task force DOI: 10.1093/europace/euu208.
  • de Bakker JM, van Capelle FJ, Janse MJ, et al. Reentry as a cause of ventricular tachycardia in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease: electrophysiologic and anatomic correlation. 1988 Mar;77(3):589-606. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.77.3.589.
  • ​​Anter E, Tschabrunn CM, Buxton AE, Josephson ME. High-Resolution Mapping of Postinfarction Reentrant Ventricular TachycardiaClinical Perspective. Circulation 2016;134:314–27.
  • Martin R, Maury P, Bisceglia C, Wong T, Estner H, Meyer C, et al. Characteristics of Scar-Related Ventricular Tachycardia Circuits Using Ultra-High-Density Mapping: A Multi-Center Study. Circ: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology 2018;11:e006569.


7.2. Non-ischaemic cardiomyopathies:  

7.2.1. Dilated cardiomyopathy and hypokinetic non-dilated cardiomyopathy

    • Di Marco A, Brown PF, Bradley J, et al. Improved Risk Stratification for Ventricular Arrhythmias and Sudden Death in Patients With Nonischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Jun 15;77(23):2890-2905. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.04.030.
    • Seferović, Petar M., et al. 'Dilated and hypokinetic non-dilated cardiomyopathy', in Petar Seferovic (ed.), The ESC Textbook of Heart Failure, The European Society of Cardiology Series (Oxford, 2023; online edn, ESC Publications, 1 Dec. 2023), https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198891628.003.0007, accessed 8 Apr. 2025.
    • Gigli M, Merlo M, Graw SL, et al. Genetic Risk of Arrhythmic Phenotypes in Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Sep 17;74(11):1480-1490. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.06.072.

7.2.2. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

    • Segev A, Wasserstrum Y, Arad M, et al. Ventricular arrhythmias in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Prevalence, distribution, predictors, and outcome. Heart Rhythm. 2023 Oct;20(10):1385-1392. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2023.06.015
    • O'Mahony C, Elliott P, McKenna W. Sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2013 Apr;6(2):443-51. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCEP.111.962043

7.2.3. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

    • Gasperetti A, James CA, Carrick RT, et al. Arrhythmic risk stratification in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. 2023 Nov 2;25(11):euad312. DOI: 10.1093/europace/euad312
    • Corrado D, Anastasakis A, Basso C, Bauce B, Blomström-Lundqvist C, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, et al. Proposed diagnostic criteria for arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: European Task Force consensus report. International Journal of Cardiology 2024;395:131447. 

7.2.4. Left ventricular non-compaction

    • Casas G, Limeres J, Oristrell G, et al. Clinical Risk Prediction in Patients With Left Ventricular Myocardial Noncompaction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Aug 17;78(7):643-662. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.06.016. 

7.2.5. Restrictive cardiomyopathy

    • Wang H, Liu S, Zhang X, et al. Prevalence and Impact of Arrhythmia on Outcomes in Restrictive Cardiomyopathy-A Report from the Beijing Municipal Health Commission Information Center (BMHCIC) Database. J Clin Med. 2023 Feb 3;12(3):1236. doi: 10.3390/jcm12031236.

7.2.6. Neuromuscular cardiomyopathies

    • Sgarito G, Volpe C, Bardari S, et al. Cardiomyopathies and Arrythmias in Neuromuscular Diseases. Cardiogenetics 2025, 15(1), 7. DOI: 10.3390/cardiogenetics15010007

7.2.7. Valvular-related cardiomyopathies

    • Kubala M, de Chillou C, Bohbot Y, et al. Arrhythmias in Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: Gaps in Knowledge and the Way Forward. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022 Feb 15;9:792559. DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.792559
    • Sabbag A, Essayagh B, Barrera JDR, Basso C, Berni A, Cosyns B, et al. EHRA expert consensus statement on arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse and mitral annular disjunction complex in collaboration with the ESC Council on valvular heart disease and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging endorsed cby the Heart Rhythm Society, by the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society, and by the Latin American Heart Rhythm Society. EP Europace 2022. 

7.2.8. Congenital diseases

    • Schamroth Pravda N, Kalter-Leibovici O, Nir A, et al. Arrhythmia Burden Among Adult Patients With Congenital Heart Disease: A Population-Based Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2024 May 7;13(9):e031760. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.123.031760.
    • Baumgartner H, De Backer J, Babu-Narayan SV, Budts W, Chessa M, Diller G-P, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of adult congenital heart disease: The Task Force for the management of adult congenital heart disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease (ISACHD). European Heart Journal 2021;42:563–645. 

7.2.9. Other

    • Del Mestre E, Pio Loco Detto Gava C, Paldino A, et al. Arrhythmic risk stratification in non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J Suppl. 2023 Apr 21;25(Suppl B):B144-B148. doi: 10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suad087.
    • Chrispin J, Merchant FM, Lakdawala NK, et al. Risk of Arrhythmic Death in Patients With Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023 Aug 22;82(8):735-747. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.05.064.

7.3. Primary electrical disease:

  7.3.1. Long QT syndrome (including acquired long QT syndrome)

    • Moss AJ, Kass RS. Long QT syndrome: from channels to cardiac arrhythmias. J Clin Invest. 2005 Aug;115(8):2018-24. doi: 10.1172/JCI25537.
    • Alexander C, Bishop MJ, Gilchrist RJ, Burton FL, Smith GL, Myles RC. Initiation of ventricular arrhythmia in the acquired long QT syndrome. Cardiovasc Res. 2023 Mar 31;119(2):465-476. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvac103.
    • Diagnosis, management and therapeutic strategies for congenital long QT syndrome. Wilde AAM, Amin AS, Postema PG. Heart. 2022 Mar;108(5):332-338. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-318259.
    • Schwartz PJ, Ackerman MJ. The long QT syndrome: a transatlantic clinical approach to diagnosis and therapy. Eur Heart J. 2013 Oct;34(40):3109-16. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht089.

  7.3.2. Short QT syndrome

    • Gaita F, Giustetto C, Bianchi F, et al. Short QT Syndrome: a familial cause of sudden death. 2003 Aug 26;108(8):965-70. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000085071.28695.C4.
    • Dewi IP, Dharmadjati BB. Short QT syndrome: The current evidences of diagnosis and management. J Arrhythm. 2020 Oct 6;36(6):962-966. doi: 10.1002/joa3.12439.

  7.3.3. Brugada syndrome

    • Mizusawa Y, Wilde AA. Brugada syndrome. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2012 Jun 1;5(3):606-16. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.111.964577.
    • Adler A, Rosso R, Chorin E, et al. Risk stratification in Brugada syndrome: Clinical characteristics, electrocardiographic parameters, and auxiliary testing. Heart Rhythm. 2016 Jan;13(1):299-310. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.08.038. Epub 2015 Sep 1.

  7.3.4. Andersen–Tawil syndrome Type 1

    • Moreno-Manuel AI, Gutiérrez LK, Vera-Pedrosa ML, et al. Molecular stratification of arrhythmogenic mechanisms in the Andersen Tawil syndrome. Cardiovasc Res. 2023 May 2;119(4):919-932. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvac118.

  7.3.5. Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation

    • Almahameed ST, Kaufman ES. Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation: Diagnosis, Ablation of Triggers, Gaps in Knowledge, and Future Directions. J Innov Card Rhythm Manag. 2020 Jun 15;11(6):4135-4146. doi: 10.19102/icrm.2020.110604.

  7.3.6. Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia

    • Abbas M, Miles C, Behr E. Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev. 2022 Apr;11:e20. doi: 10.15420/aer.2022.09. PMID: 36644199; PMCID: PMC9820193.

  7.3.7. Early repolarization syndromes

    • Haïssaguerre M, Derval N, Sacher F, et al. Sudden cardiac arrest associated with early repolarization. N Engl J Med. 2008 May 8;358(19):2016-23. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa071968.
    • Macfarlane PW, Antzelevitch C, Haissaguerre M, Huikuri HV, Potse M, Rosso R, Sacher F, Tikkanen JT, Wellens H, Yan GX. The Early Repolarization Pattern: A Consensus Paper. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015 Jul 28;66(4):470-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.05.033.

7.3.8. Other.

    • The diagnostic role of pharmacological provocation testing in cardiac electrophysiology: a clinical consensus statement of the EHRA/EAPCI of the ESC, the ESC WG on CV Pharmacotherapy, the AEPC, the PACES, the HRS, the APHRS, and the LAHRS. Behr. DOI: 10.1093/europace/euaf067

7.4. Inflammatory cardiac diseases

  7.4.1. Acute and chronic myocarditis

    • Imburgio S, Johal A, Akhlaq H, et al. Fatal ventricular arrhythmias in myocarditis: A review of current indications for defibrillator devices. J Cardiol. 2024 Sep;84(3):151-154. doi: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2024.03.007. Epub 2024 Mar 27.
    • Ammirati E, Frigerio M, Adler ED, et al. Management of Acute Myocarditis and Chronic Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy: An Expert Consensus Document. Circ Heart Fail. 2020 Nov;13(11):e007405. doi: 1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007405. Epub 2020 Nov 12.

  7.4.2. Acute and chronic cardiac sarcoidosis

    • Arunachalam Karikalan S, Yusuf A, El Masry H. Arrhythmias in Cardiac Sarcoidosis: Management and Prognostic Implications. J Clin Med. 2024 May 28;13(11):3165. doi: 10.3390/jcm13113165.
    • Diagnosis and Management of Cardiac Sarcoidosis: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2024 DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001240

  7.4.3. Chagas’ cardiomyopathy

    • Roman-Campos D, Marin-Neto JA, Santos-Miranda A, et al. Arrhythmogenic Manifestations of Chagas Disease: Perspectives From the Bench to Bedside. Circ Res. 2024 May 10;134(10):1379-1397. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.124.324507. Epub 2024 May 9.

7.5. Other situations leading to rhythm disorders

    • Zöller B, Manderstedt E, Lind-Halldén C, et al. Rare-variant collapsing and bioinformatic analyses for different types of cardiac arrhythmias in the UK Biobank reveal novel susceptibility loci and candidate amyloid-forming proteins. Cardiovasc Digit Health J. 2023 Dec 23;5(1):15-18. doi: 1016/j.cvdhj.2023.12.001. 

8. Diagnostic procedures and techniques in heart rhythm disorders:

8.1 Clinical evaluation

  • Weinstock C, Wagner H, Snuckel M, et al. Evidence-Based Approach to Palpitations. Med Clin North Am. 2021 Jan;105(1):93-106. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2020.09.004.
  • Thavendiranathan P, Bagai A, Khoo C, et al. Does this patient with palpitations have a cardiac arrhythmia? JAMA 2009;302:2135-2143. DOI: 1001/jama.2009.1673
  • Zimetbaum P, Josephson ME. Evaluation of patients with palpitations. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1369-1373. DOI: 1056/NEJM199805073381907
  • Brignole M, Moya A, de Lange FJ, et al. Practical instructions for the 2018 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope. The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of syncope of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2018;39:e43–e80.

8.2 ECG:

8.2.1 Conventional 12-lead ECG

    • Enriquez A, Baranchuk A, Briceno D, et al. How to use the 12-lead ECG to predict the site of origin of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias. Heart Rhythm. 2019;16:1538-1544. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.04.002
    • Surawicz B, Childers R, Deal BJ, et al. AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: part III: intraventricular conduction disturbances: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society. Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 Mar 17;53(11):976-81. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.12.013.
    • Brugada J, Katritsis DG, Arbelo E, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardiaThe Task Force for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2020 Feb 1;41(5):655-720. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz467.

8.2.2 ECG monitoring

    •       Brignole M, Vardas P, Hoffman E, et al. Indications for the use of diagnostic implantable and external ECG loop recorders. Europace 2009;11:671-687. DOI: 10.1093/europace/eup097
    •      Svennberg E, Tjong F, Goette A, et al. How to use digital devices to detect and manage arrhythmias: an EHRA practical guide. Europace. 2022 Jul 15;24(6):979-1005. doi: 10.1093/europace/euac038.
    • Carrington M, Providência R, Chahal CA, et al. Monitoring and diagnosis of intermittent arrhythmias: evidence-based guidance and role of novel monitoring strategies. Eur Heart J Open. 2022 Nov 12;2(6):oeac072. doi: 10.1093/ehjopen/oeac072.
    • Sana F, Isselbacher EM, Singh JP, et al. Wearable Devices for Ambulatory Cardiac Monitoring: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Apr 7;75(13):1582-1592. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.01.046.
    • van der Velden RMJ, Verhaert DVM, Hermans ANL, et al. TeleCheck-AF Investigators. The photoplethysmography dictionary: practical guidance on signal interpretation and clinical scenarios from TeleCheck-AF. Eur Heart J Digit Health. 2021 Jun 4;2(3):363-373. doi: 10.1093/ehjdh/ztab050.

8.2.3 Signal-averaged ECG

8.2.4 Body surface mapping

    • Medvegy M, Duray G, Pintér A, Préda I. Body surface potential mapping: historical background, present possibilities, diagnostic challenges. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2002 Apr;7(2):139-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1542 474x.2002.tb00155.x.
    • Sedova K, Repin K, Donin G, et al. Clinical Utility of Body Surface Potential Mapping in CRT Patients. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev. 2021 Jul;10(2):113-119. doi: 10.15420/aer.2021.14.

8.3 ECG-pharmacological tests:

8.3.1 Type I drugs for his purkinje system challenge

    • Englund A, Bergfeldt L, Rosenqvist M. Pharmacological stress testing of the His-Purkinje system in patientswith bifascicular block. PACE-Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998;21:1979–1987. DOI: 1111/j.1540-8159.1998.tb00017.x
    • Pentimalli F, Bacino L, Ghione M, et al. Ajmaline challenge to unmask infrahisian disease in patients with recurrent and unexplained syncope, preserved ejection fraction, with or without conduction abnormalities on surface ECG. J Atr Fibrillation 2016;9:37–42.
    •  
    • Roca-Luque I, Francisco-Pasqual J, Oristrell G, et al. Flecainide versus procainamide in electrophysiological study in patients with syncope and wide QRS duration. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2019;5:212-219.

8.3.2 Type I drugs for Brugada ECG unmasking

    • The diagnostic role of pharmacological provocation testing in cardiac electrophysiology: a clinical consensus statement of the EHRA/EAPCI of the ESC, the ESC WG on CV Pharmacotherapy, the AEPC, the PACES, the HRS, the APHRS, and the LAHRS. Behr. DOI: 10.1093/europace/euaf067
    • Morita H, Zipes DP, Wu J. Brugada syndrome: insights of ST elevation, arrhythmogenicity, and risk stratification from experimental observations. Heart Rhythm 2009;6:S34–S43.
    • Priori SG, Wilde AA, Horie M, et al. Executive summary: HRS/EHRA/APHRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of patients with inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes. Europace 2013;15:389–406.
    • Brugada R, Brugada P, Brugada J. Electrocardiogram interpretation and class I blocker challenge in Brugada syndrome. J Electrocardiol 2006;39:S115-S118.

8.3.3 Atropine testing for cardioneuroablation

8.3.4 Adrenaline/atropine for sinus node dysfunction

8.3.5 Adenosine/ATP for sinus node and AV dysfunction

    •  Lin JM, Lin JL, Lai LP, et al. Usefulness of single-bolus adenosine test for confirming sinus node dysfunction and correlation with atrial overdrive suppression test. Am J Cardiol 2004;94:1569-1572.
    • Fragakis N, Antoniadis AP, Korantzopoulos P, et al. Sinus nodal response to adenosine relates to the severity of sinus node dysfunction. Europace 2012;14:859-864.
    • Belhassen B, Fish R, Glikson M, et al. Noninvasive diagnosis of dual AV node physiology in patients with AV nodal reentrant tachycardia by administration of adenosine-5'-triphosphate during sinus rhythm. 1998 Jul 7;98:47-53.
    • Fragakis N, Iliadis I, Sidopoulos E, et al. The value of adenosine test in the diagnosis of sick sinus syndrome: susceptibility of sinus and atrioventricular node to adenosine in patients with sick sinus syndrome and unexplained syncope. 2007;9:559-562.
    • The diagnostic role of pharmacological provocation testing in cardiac electrophysiology: a clinical consensus statement of the EHRA/EAPCI of the ESC, the ESC WG on CV Pharmacotherapy, the AEPC, the PACES, the HRS, the APHRS, and the LAHRS. Behr. DOI: 10.1093/europace/euaf067

8.3.6 Other

    • Camm AJ, Garratt CJ. Adenosine and supraventricular tachycardia. N Engl J Med. 1991 Dec 5;325(23):1621-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199112053252306.
    • Josep Brugada, Demosthenes G Katritsis, Elena Arbelo, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia. The Task Force for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC): Developed in collaboration with the Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), European Heart Journal, Volume 41, Issue 5, 1 February 2020, Pages 655–720, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz467 

8.4 Exercise tests

  • Quinto G, Neunhaeuserer D, Gasperetti A, et al. Can exercise test intensity and modality affect the prevalence of arrhythmic events in young athletes? Res Sports Med. 2023 Jan-Feb;31(1):49-57. doi: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1937162. Epub 2021 Jun 3.
  • Beckerman J, Wu T, Jones S, et al. Exercise test-induced arrhythmias. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2005;47:285-305.
  • Refaat MM, Hotait M, Tseng ZH. Utility of the exercise electrocardiogram testing in sudden cardiac death risk stratification.  Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2014;19:311-318.
  • Gibbons RJ, Balady GJ, Bricker JT, et al. A report of the American College of Cardiology/Ameri- can Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1997 Exercise Testing Guidelines). J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:1531–1540.

8.5. General knowledge in imaging techniques

  • Manzo-Silberman S, Velázquez M, Burgess S, et al. Radiation protection for healthcare professionals working in catheterisation laboratories during pregnancy: a statement of the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI) in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI), the ESC Regulatory Affairs Committee and Women as One. 2023 May 15;19(1):53-62. doi: 10.4244/EIJ-D-22-00407.
  • Mukherjee RK, Whitaker J, Williams SE, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging guidance for the optimization of ventricular tachycardia ablation. Europace 2018;20:1721-1732.
  • Enriquez A, Saenz LC, Rosso R, et al. Use of intracardiac echocardiography in Interventional Cardiology. Circulation 2018;137:2278-2294.
  • Donal E, Lip GYH, Galderisi M, et al. EACVI/EHRA Expert Consensus Document on the role of multi-modality imaging for the evaluation of patients with atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2016;17:355-383.

8.6 Autonomic nervous system evaluation

 8.6.1 Carotid sinus massage

    • de Lange FJ, de Jong JSY, van Zanten S, et al. Carotid sinus massage in clinical practice: the Six-Step-Method. 2024 Nov 1;26(11):euae266. doi: 10.1093/europace/euae266.
    • Pasquier M, Clair M, Pruvot E, et al. Carotid sinus massage. N Engl J Med 2017;377:e21
    •  
    • Moya A, Sutton R, Ammirati F, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2009). Eur Heart J. 2009 Nov;30(21):2631-71. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp298. Epub 2009 Aug 27.

8.6.2 Supine to orthostatism for orthostatic hypotension evaluation

    • Ricci F, De Caterina R, Fedorowski A. Orthostatic hypotension: epidemiology, prognosis, and treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;66:848-860.
    • Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB, et al. Consensus Statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res 2011;21:69-72.
    • Wieling W, Kaufmann H, Claydon VE, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of orthostatic hypotension. Lancet Neurol. 2022 Aug;21(8):735-746. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00169-7.PMID: 35841911 
    • Vidal-Petiot E, Pathak A, Azulay JP, et al.Orthostatic hypotension: Review and expert position statement. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2024 Jan-Feb;180(1-2):53-64. doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.11.001. Epub 2023 Dec 19.

8.6.3 Tilt testing

    • Tan MP, Duncan GW, Parry SW. Head-up tilt table testing: a state-of-the-art review. Minerva Med 2009 Aug;100(4):329-338.
    • Aponte-Becerra L, Novak P. TiltTest: A Review. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2021 Jul 1;38(4):279-286. doi: 10.1097/WNP.0000000000000625.PMID: 34009851     
    • Aksu et al. Cardioneuroablation for the treatment of reflex syncope and functional bradyarrhythmias: A Scientific Statement of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC, the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS) and the Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS). EP Europace 2024; 26: euae206      

9. Therapies in heart rhythm disorders:

9.1 Physical and autonomous system manœuvres

9.2 Resuscitation and life support

  • Kudenchuk PJ, Brown SP, Daya M, et al. Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators. Amiodarone, Lidocaine, or Placebo in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest N Engl J Med. 2016 May 5;374(18):1711-22
  • Kudenchuk PJ, Leroux BG, Daya M, et al. Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Investigators: Antiarrhythmic Drugs for Nonshockable-Turned-Shockable Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: The ALPS Study (Amiodarone, Lidocaine, or Placebo) Circulation. 2017 Nov 28;136(22):2119-2131  
  • Zeppenfeld K, Tfelt-Hansen J, de Riva M, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelinesfor the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac Eur Heart J. 2022 Oct 21;43(40):3997-4126. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac262.
  • Perman SM, Elmer J, Maciel CB, et al. 2023 American Heart Association Focused Update on Adult Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support: An Update to the American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. 2024 Jan 30;149(5):e254-e273. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001194. Epub 2023 Dec 18. PMID: 38108133.

 9.3 Drugs with antiarrhythmic effects

  • Zeppenfeld K, Tfelt-Hansen J, de Riva M, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelinesfor the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac Eur Heart J. 2022 Oct 21;43(40):3997-4126. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac262.
  • Brugada J, Katritsis DG, Arbelo E, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardiaThe Task Force for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2020 Feb 1;41(5):655-720. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz467.
  • Hohnloser SH, Crijns HJ, van Eickels M, et al. Effect of dronedarone on cardiovascular events in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(7):668-78.
  • Van Gelder IC, Rienstra M, Bunting KV, et al. 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2024 Sep 29;45(36):3314-3414. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae176.
  • Zylla MM, Wolfes, Schleberger R, et al. Use of class IC antiarrhythmic drugs in patients with structural heart disease and implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Clin Res Cardiol113, 933–941 (2024). org/10.1007/s00392-024-02394-6

9.4 Drugs for associated rhythm problems (anticoagulants)

  • Van Gelder IC, Rienstra M, Bunting KV, et al. 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2024 Sep 29;45(36):3314-3414. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae176
  • Steffel J, Collins R, Antz M, et al. 2021 European Heart Rhythm Association Practical Guide on the Use of Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation [published correction appears in Europace. 2021 Oct 9;23(10):1676. doi: 10.1093/europace/euab157.]. Europace. 2021;23(10):1612-1676. doi:10.1093/europace/euab065
  • Tomaselli GF, Mahaffey KW, Cuker A, et al. 2020 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Management of Bleeding in Patients on Oral Anticoagulants: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Aug 4;76(5):594-622. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.053. Epub 2020 Jul 14. Erratum in: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Jun 1;77(21):2760. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.04.020.

9.5 Temporary electrical stimulation

  • Glikson M, Nielsen JC, Kronborg MB, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy [published correction appears in Eur Heart J. 2022 May 1;43(17):1651. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac075.]. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(35):3427-3520. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab364

9.5.1 Transcutaneous

    • Bektas F, Soyuncu S. The efficacy of transcutaneous cardiac pacing in ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2016 Nov;34(11):2090-2093. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2016.07.022. Epub 2016 Jul 15. PMID: 27461886.
    • Sherbino J, Verbeek PR, MacDonald RD, et al. Prehospital transcutaneous cardiac pacing for symptomatic bradycardia or bradyasystolic cardiac arrest: a systematic review. 2006;70(2):193-200.
    • Telec W, Kłosiewicz T, Zalewski R, et al. Impact of Postshock Transcutaneous Pacingon Chest Compression Quality during Resuscitation: A Simulation-Based Pilot Study. Emerg Med Int. 2021 Apr 22;2021:5584632. doi: 10.1155/2021/5584632. eCollection 2021
    • Kreinbrook J, Kimbrell J. Historical discrepancies in transcutaneous pacing trials: A call to overcome false electrical capture. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2024 Jul;47(7):865-868. English. doi: 10.1111/pace.15031. Epub 2024 Jun 21.

9.5.2 Transvenous

9.6 Cardioversion

  • Van Gelder IC, Rienstra M, Bunting KV, et al. 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2024 Sep 29;45(36):3314-3414. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae176.
  • Madanat L, France J, Shoukri N, et al. Impact of Defibrillator Electrode Placement on Outcome of Electrical Cardioversion of Atrial Fibrillation: A Pilot Observational Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2024 Jul 2;13(13):e034817. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.123.034817. Epub 2024 Jun 27.
  • Nguyen ST, Belley-Côté EP, Ibrahim O, et al. Techniques improving electrical cardioversion success for patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Europace. 2023;25(2):318-330. doi:10.1093/europace/euac199
  • Pluymaekers N, Dudink E, Luermans J, Meeder JG, Lenderink T, Widdershoven J, et al. Early or Delayed Cardioversion in Recent-Onset Atrial Fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2019 Apr 18;380(16):1499-1508. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1900353.
  • Garg A, Khunger M, Seicean S, et al. Incidence of Thromboembolic Complications Within 30 Days of Electrical Cardioversion Performed Within 48 Hours of Atrial Fibrillation Onset. JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology. 2016;2(4):487-94.

 9.7 General knowledge of cardiac and antiarrhythmic surgery

  • Vahanian A, Beyersdorf F, Praz F, et al. 2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease [published correction appears in Eur Heart J. 2022 Jun 1;43(21):2022. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac051.]. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(7):561-632. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab395
  • Tzeis S, Gerstenfeld EP, Kalman J, et al. 2024 European Heart Rhythm Association/Heart Rhythm Society/Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society/Latin American Heart Rhythm Society expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation. 2024;26(4):euae043. doi:10.1093/europace/euae043
  •  Anglesio V, Verma A. Thoracoscopic, hybrid, and catheter ablation: comparing apples to oranges to pears. 2023 May 19;25(5):euad121. doi: 10.1093/europace/euad121.
  • Cox JL, Churyla A, Malaisrie SC, et al. A Hybrid Maze Procedure for Long-Standing Persistent Atrial Fibrillation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2019 Feb;107(2):610-618. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.06.064. Epub 2018 Aug 14.

9.8 Others

  • Zahe W, Della Rocca DG, Pannone L, et al. Anti-Arrhythmic Effects of Heart Failure Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy and Their Role in the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: From Beta-Blockers to Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Beyond.  Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 1316. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13051316

10. Professional, legal, ethical, and socioeconomical aspects

  • Trines SA, Moore P, Burri H, et al. 2024 updated European Heart Rhythm Association core curriculum for physicians and allied professionals: a statement of the European Heart Rhythm Association of the European Society of Cardiology. 2024;26(11):euae243. doi:10.1093/europace/euae243
  • Ferrick AM, Raj SR, Deneke T, et al. 2023 HRS/EHRA/APHRS/LAHRS expert consensus statement on practical management of the remote device clinic. Heart Rhythm. 2023 Sep;20(9):e92-e144. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2023.03.1525. Epub 2023 May 19.
  • Svennberg E, Han JK, Caiani EG, et al. State of the Art of Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Electrophysiology in 2025: A Scientific Statement of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC, the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), and the ESC Working Group on e-Cardiology. 2025;27(5):euaf071. doi:10.1093/europace/euaf071
  • Sommer P, Sciacca V, Anselmino M, et al. Practical guidance to reduce radiation exposure in electrophysiology applying ultra low-dose protocols: a European Heart Rhythm Association review. Europace. 2023 Jul 4;25(7):euad191. doi: 10.1093/europace/euad191.
  • Nielsen JC, Kautzner J, Casado-Arroyo R, et al. Remote monitoring of cardiac implanted electronic devices: legal requirements and ethical principles - ESC Regulatory Affairs Committee/EHRA joint task force report. 2020 Nov 1;22(11):1742-1758. doi: 10.1093/europace/euaa168. Erratum in: Europace. 2021 Jun 7;23(6):843. doi: 10.1093/europace/euab053.

11. Patient centred care

11.1. Shared decision making and informed consent

  • Chung MK et al. Shared Decision Making in Cardiac Electrophysiology Procedures and Arrhythmia Management. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2021 Dec;14(12):e007958. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.121.007958. Epub 2021 Dec 6.
  • Irina Savelieva et al. EHRA expert consensus document on the management of arrhythmias in frailty syndrome, endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), Latin America Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS), and Cardiac Arrhythmia Society of Southern Africa (CASSA), EP Europace, Volume 25, Issue 4, April 2023, Pages 1249–1276, https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euac123       

11.2. End of patient life: discussions and advanced care planning

  • Luigi Padeletti et al. EHRA Expert Consensus Statement on the management of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices in patients nearing end of life or requesting withdrawal of therapy, EP Europace, Volume 12, Issue 10, October 2010, Pages 1480–1489.               

11.3. MRI, radiotherapy, and non-cardiac surgery in patients with CIEDs

  • Stühlinger M, et al. EHRA consensus on prevention and management of interference due to medical procedures in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices. 2022 Oct 13;24(9):1512-1537. doi: 10.1093/europace/euac040.
  • Stankovic I, et al. Imaging in patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices: part 2-imaging after device implantation. A clinical consensus statement of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) and the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2023 Dec 21;25(1):e33-e54. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jead273.
  • Kim D, et al. SCMR expert consensus statement for cardiovascular magnetic resonance of patients with a cardiac implantable electronic device. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2024 Summer;26(1):100995. doi: 10.1016/j.jocmr.2024.100995. Epub 2024 Jan 12.
  • Halvorsen S, et al. ESC Scientific Document Group , 2022 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular assessment and management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery: Developed by the task force for cardiovascular assessment and management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care (ESAIC). Eur Heart J. 2022 Oct 14;43(39):3826-3924. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac270.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

11.4. Driving and legal considerations

  • Task force members; Vijgen J, Botto G, Camm J, et al. Consensus statement of the European Heart Rhythm Association: updated recommendations for driving by patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Europace. 2009 Aug;11(8):1097-107. doi: 10.1093/europace/eup112. Epub 2009 Jun 13.                                                                                                                                    

11.5. Documentation, registries, audit and research, management of advisories and recalls

  • Moons P, Norekvål TM, Arbelo E, et al. Placing patient-reported outcomes at the centre of cardiovascular clinical practice: implications for quality of care and management. Eur Heart J. 2023 Sep 21;44(36):3405-3422. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad514.

12. Artificial intelligence and wearables in electrophysiology