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Tilt-test results for selecting cardiac pacing patients

An article from the e-journal of the ESC Council for Cardiology Practice

An asystolic response (Vasis 2B type, pause >3 seconds) during tilt testing, predicts a similar event during spontaneous syncope thereby justifying the implantation of a pacemaker and avoiding the implantation of a loop recorder.

Syncope and Bradycardia


In conventional practice, in the absence of  electrocardiographic documentation of syncope, cardiac pacing therapy of neurally-mediated syncope has been principally guided by the results of tilt-table testing.  Controlled trials of tilt-guided therapy, however, have given controversial results. Learning how to select the patients suitable for pacing is probably the prerequisite for success. 

Background 

 

When arrhythmia is suspected to have a role in the genesis of syncope, the correlation of spontaneous syncopal episodes with abnormal findings detected by an Implantable Loop Recorder can be regarded as a reference standard for selecting suitable candidates to cardiac pacing therapy.

 

Recent data coming from Implantable Loop Recorder studies in patients affected by neurally-mediated syncope (1,2) showed that the mechanism of spontaneous syncope was heterogeneous to bradycardia or asystole, approximately accounting, for only one-half of syncope events.  

 

Pacing is potentially effective when an asystole is documented at the time of syncope. However, there is no rationale for the use of pacing in patients without documented brady-arrhythmias. Indeed, in the ISSUE 2 study (2), the 1-year syncopal recurrence rate was 5% in those patients receiving a pacemaker after documentation of an asystolic spontaneous syncope (compared with 41% recurrence rate in non-asystolic group).

 

As a consequence of this reasoning, the capability of tilt testing to predict the exact mechanism of spontaneous syncope should have practical therapeutical importance. In the ISSUE-2 study (3), the responses to tilt testing (passive or with  nitroglycerin challenge) were prospectively correlated with the mechanism of spontaneous syncope documented by Implantable Loop Recorder in 94 patients. An asystolic pause was more frequently found during spontaneous syncope than during tilt testing (45% vs 21%, p=0.02), but those patients with an asystolic response during tilt testing also had an asystolic response during spontaneous syncope with a positive predictive value of 80%.

In other words it seems that an asystolic response during tilt testing is able to predict an asystolic response during spontaneous syncope with a 20% risk of misdiagnosis, but a mixed or vasodepressor response during the test cannot exclude an asystolic spontaneous syncope.

 

Data from literature 

 

 

Pacing in neurally-mediated patients with positive response to tilt testing has been the subject of 5 major multicentre randomised controlled trials (4-8): 3 unblinded gave positive results and 2 blinded gave negative results. 

 

In this regard, the strongest supportive evidence is provided in the published report of the North American Vasovagal Pacemaker Study (VPS) (4), and the pacemaker arm of the European VASIS trial (5).  In the randomised controlled Syncope Diagnosis and Treatment Study (SYDIT) (6), the pacemaker was superior to the beta-blocker atenolol in preventing syncopal recurrences. The Second Vasovagal Pacemaker Study (VPS II) (7) and the Vasovagal Syncope and Pacing Trial (Synpace) (8) differed from the previous trials because the patients of the control arm had received a pacemaker implant that was switched off. Although there was a 30% reduction in syncope recurrence rate, the VPS II study failed to prove a significant superiority of pacemaker therapy. In the Synpace study, syncope recurred in 50% of patients assigned to active pacemaker and in 38% of patients assigned to inactive pacemaker.

 

Putting together the results of the 5 trials, 318 patients were evaluated; syncope recurred in 21% (33/156) of the paced patients and in 44% (72/162) of the not paced patients (p<0.000).  It seems that pacing therapy might have been effective in some but not in all patients. This is not surprising if we consider that pacing is probably efficacious for asystolic reflex but has no role to combat hypotension which is frequently the dominant reflex in neurally-mediated syncope (mixed and vasodepressor forms).

 

Need for patient selection

 

 

Different selection criteria is probably the most important reason that explains the different results observed in the above trials.

 

In the most positive studies, i.e., VASIS (5) and SYDIT (6) trials, the patients had a positive cardioinhibitory response during tilt testing whereas not in VPS 1 and 2 (4,7) and only about a half in SYNPACE (8). We know from ISSUE study (3) that an asystolic response during tilt testing has a 80% positive predictive value that spontaneous syncope detected by Implantable Loop Recorder is also asystolic. In other words patients with asystolic tilt response are likely to benefit more from pacing therapy because their spontaneous syncope is asystolic. The selection based on a positive cardioinhibitory response during tilt testing limit greatly the number of potential candidates for pacemaker therapy since a cardioinhibitory response occurs in about 10% of patients undergoing passive or nitroglycerin tilt testing (20% of positive). 

 

Clinical perspectives

 

Loop recorder guided therapy is the strategy of choice for selecting suitable candidates to cardiac pacing therapy (2). This strategy, however, implies that therapy is delayed until electrocardiographic documentation of spontaneous syncope is obtained. This may require a long period of time. The capability of tilt testing to predict spontaneous syncope would allow to anticipate therapy and avoid the implant of a loop recorder. A proposed strategy is summarised in Figure 1.  

 

Even though no definite answer can be drawn untill larger prospective therapy trials are performed, it seems that an asystolic response (Vasis 2B type, pause >3 seconds) during tilt testing predicts with a sufficient probability a similar event during spontaneous syncope also and could therefore be used to select patients suitable for cardiac pacing. Apart from asystolic responses, tilt testing has a weak correlation with spontaneous syncope and is unable to guide subsequent therapy. In these cases a loop recorder should be implanted before embarking in pacing therapy.

 

However, a positivity of the test does not automatically imply the need for pacing therapy. Indeed, it must be underlined that the decision to implant a pacemaker needs to be kept in the clinical context of a benign condition which affects frequently young patients. Thus, cardiac pacing should be limited to a selected proportion of patients affected by severe vasovagal syncope (Table 1).

 

In accordance with the guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology (9), cardiac pacing may be necessary in patients older than 40 years who present with high-risk or high-frequency settings, such as when:

  • syncope is frequent, altering quality of life
  • syncope is recurrent and unpredictable (absence of presyncope symptoms) and exposes the patient to high-risk of trauma
  • syncope occurs during high-risk activity (driving, machine operation, flying, etc.) 

 

The clinical features of the ISSUE 2 population (2) help define the characteristics of the patients suitable for cardiac pacing; they had a mean age of 65 years, had a history of recurrent syncopes beginning in middle or older ages, presenting without warning and causing frequent injuries (Table 1). No more than 5% of the patients affected by neurally-mediated syncope have these characteristics. Pacing should be discouraged in patients with less severe features and alternative therapies, i.e., physical counterpressure manoeuvres, should be preferred.   

 

 Table 1. Clinical characteristics of the patients suitable for cardiac pacing

  • Syncope is frequent (>5 episodes in recent years) and alters quality of life
  • Syncope is unpredictable (absence of presyncope symptoms) and exposes the patient to high-risk of trauma
  • Syncope occurs during high-risk activity (driving, machine operation, flying, etc.)
  • No other effective therapy is available and the patient has been informed of the permanent nature of the therapy

Figure 1. Flow pathway for selecting tilt-positive patients suitable for cardiac pacing

 

 

 

 

 

The content of this article reflects the personal opinion of the author/s and is not necessarily the official position of the European Society of Cardiology. 

 

References


1. Moya A, Brignole M, Menozzi C, Garcia-Civera R, Tognarini S, Mont L, Botto G, Giada F, Cornacchia D. Mechanism of syncope in patients with isolated syncope and in patients with tilt-positive syncope. Circulation 2001;104:1261-1267

2. Brignole M, Sutton R, Menozzi C, Garcia-Civera R, Moya A, Wieling W, Andresen D, Benditt DG, Vardas P. Early application of an Implantable Loop Recorder allows a mechanism-based effective therapy in patients with recurrent suspected neurally-mediated syncope. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 1085-1092

3. Brignole M, Sutton R, Menozzi C, García-Civera R, Moya A, Wieling W, Andresen D, Benditt DG, Grovale N, De Santo T, Vardas P. Lack of correlation between the responses to Tilt Testing and Adenosine Triphosphate Test and the mechanism of spontaneous neurally-mediated syncope Eur Heart J 2006; 27, 2232–2239
 
4. Connolly SJ, Sheldon R, Roberts RS, Gent M. Vasovagal pacemaker study investigators.  The North American vasovagal pacemaker study (VPS): A randomized trial of permanent cardiac pacing for the prevention of vasovagal syncope.  J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33: 16-20.

5. Sutton R, Brignole M, Menozzi C, Raviele A, Alboni P, Giani P, Moya A. Dual-chamber pacing in treatment of neurally-mediated tilt-positive cardioinhibitory syncope. Pacemaker versus no therapy: a multicentre randomized study. Circulation 2000; 102: 294-299

6. Ammirati F, Colivicchi F, Santini M. Permanent Cardiac Pacing versus medical treatment for the prevention of recurrent vasovagal syncope. A multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Circulation 2001;104:52-57.

7. Connolly SJ, Sheldon R, Thorpe KE, Roberts RS, Ellenbogen KA, Wilkoff BL, Morillo C, Gent M for the VPS II investigators. Pacemaker therapy for prevention of syncope in patients with recurrent severe vasovagal syncope: Second Vasovagal Pacemaker Study (VPS II). JAMA 2003; 289: 2224-2229

8. Raviele A, Giada F, Menozzi C, Speca G, Orazi S, Gasparini G, Sutton R, Brignole M The vasovagal syncope and pacing trial (Synpace). A randomized placebo-controlled study of permanent pacing for treatment of recurrent vasovagal syncope. Eur Heart J  2004: 25: 1741–1748

9. Brignole M, Alboni P, Benditt DG, Bergfeldt L, Blanc JJ, Thomsen PE, van Dijk G, Fitzpatrick A, Hohnloser S, Janousek J, Kapoor W, Kenny RA, Kulakowski P, Masotti G, Moya A, Raviele A, Sutton R, Theodorakis G, Ungar A, Wieling W Guidelines on management (diagnosis and treatment) of syncope – Update 2004.  Europace 2004; 6, 467-537

 

VolumeNumber:

Vol5 N°39

Notes to editor


Dr M. Brignole
Lavagna, Italy
Member of the Committee for Scientific Initiatives of EHRA

The content of this article reflects the personal opinion of the author/s and is not necessarily the official position of the European Society of Cardiology.