Abbreviations and acronyms
Preamble
Introduction
Identification of cardiovascular disease and risk stratification in individuals participating in recreational and competitive sports
- Introduction
- Definitions of recreational and competitive athletes
- Exercise-related major adverse cardiovascular events
- Incidence of sudden cardiac death in athletes
- Aetiology of sudden cardiac death during exercise
- Screening modalities for cardiovascular disease in young athletes
- Screening for cardiovascular disease in older athletes
Physical activity, leisure exercise, and competitive sports participation
- General introduction
- Definition and characteristics of exercise interventions
- Classification of exercise and sports
- Exercise recommendations in individuals with cardiovascular risk factors
- General introduction
- Obesity
- Hypertension
- Dyslipidaemia
- Diabetes mellitus
- Exercise and sports in aging
- Introduction
- Risk stratification, inclusion/exclusion criteria
- Exercise and sports indication and modalities
Exercise in clinical settings
- Exercise programmes for leisure-time and competitive sport participation in chronic coronary syndrome
- Individuals at risk of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease & asymptomatic individuals in whom coronary artery disease is detected at screening
- Established (long-standing) chronic coronary syndrome
- Myocardial ischaemia without obstructive disease in the epicardial coronary artery
- Return to sport after acute coronary syndrome
- Anomalous origin of coronary arteries
- Myocardial bridging
- Exercise recommendations in individuals with chronic heart failure
- Background: rationale for exercise in chronic heart failure
- Risk stratification and preliminary evaluation
- Exercise modalities and sports participation in heart failure
- Sports participation and return to sports
- Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
- Exercise in individuals after heart transplantation
- Exercise recommendations in individuals with valvular heart disease
- Introduction
- Aortic valve stenosis
- Aortic valve regurgitation
- Bicuspid aortic valve
- Primary mitral regurgitation
- Mitral stenosis
- Tricuspid regurgitation
- Exercise recommendations in individuals with aortopathy
- Introduction
- Risk of dissection
- Sporting disciplines
- Effect on aortic diameter and wall stress
- Recommendations
- Exercise recommendations in individuals with cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and pericarditis
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
- Exercise recommendations in individuals with left ventricular non-compaction
- Exercise recommendations in individuals with dilated cardiomyopathy
- Exercise recommendations in individuals with myocarditis and pericarditis
- Exercise recommendations in individuals with arrhythmias & channelopathies
- A general management framework
- Atrial fibrillation
- Supraventricular tachycardia and Wolff-Parkinson- White syndrome
- Premature ventricular contractions and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia
- Long QT syndrome
- Brugada syndrome
- Following device implantation
- Exercise recommendations in individuals with adult congenital heart disease
Introduction
- The increasing numbers of athletes with congenital heart disease
- Non-cardiac abnormalities in congenital heart disease and Paralympic sport
- General considerations in the congenital heart disease athlete
- Sudden death during sport
- Exercise in athletes with congenital heart disease: current guidelines and recommendations
- Assessment of the athlete with congenital heart disease
Key messages
Gaps in evidence
Sex differences
‘What to do’ and ‘what not to do’ messages from the Guidelines
Supplementary data
Appendix
References
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