Practical guide for three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography using a fully sampled matrix array transducer
Yang HS, Bansal RC, Mookadam F, Khanderia BK, Tajik AJ, Chandrasekaran K.
Comment: A comprehensive tutorial to guide the echocardiographer to understand the controls and function of 3D echo systems, to learn how to acquire 3D data-sets with the different 3D image acquisition modes and to start acquiring images with a 3D acquisition protocol
Reference: J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2008; 21: 979 89
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Feasibility and clinical decision making with 3D echocardiography in routine practice
Hare JL, Jenkins C, Nakatani S, Ogawa A, Yu CM, Marwick TH
Comment: This is the first outcome study using 3D echo.
It shows that routine assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction and volumes has significant potential to improve clinical decision-making when added to a standard and clinically indicated 2D echocardiogram. This was particularly true in patients with LV ejection fraction between 26% and 45%, in whom many decisions about pharmacological treatment or device implantation has to be taken on LV ejection fraction measurement.
Reference: Heart 2008; 94:440-5
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Live 3-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography Initial Experience Using the Fully-Sampled Matrix Array Probe
Sugeng L, Shernan SK, Salgo IS, et al.
Comment: This paper is the first to describe the clinical use of the new live-3 dimensional transesophageal technique. Excellent visualization of the MV(85% to 91% for all scallops of both MV leaflets), interatrial septum (84%), left atrial appendage (86%), and left ventricle (77%) was observed. Native aortic and tricuspid valves were optimally visualized only in 18% and 11% of patients, respectively. This new device seems to be particularly suitable for MV surgical planning and guidance of percutaneous interventions.
Reference: J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 446-9
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The Role of Imaging in Chronic Degenerative Mitral Regurgitation
O’Gara P, Sugeng L, Lang R, et al.
Comment: A very useful review about the assessment of degenerative mitral regurgitation. Very important to understand the 3D echo anatomy of the mitral valve
Reference: J Am Coll Cardiol Img, 2008; 1:221-237
Normal values of right ventricular size and function by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography: comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
Gopal AS, Chukwu EO, Iwuchukwu CJ, Katz AS, Toole RS, Schapiro W, Reichek N.
Comment: End-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, stroke volume, and ejection fraction obtained by 2DECHO, RT3DECHO short-axis disk summation (DS), and RT3DECHO apical rotation were compared with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in 71 healthy individuals. RT3DECHO DS showed less volume underestimation compared with 2DECHO and RT3DECHO apical rotation. Test-retest variability for RT3DECHO DS end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, stroke volume, and ejection fraction were 3.3%, 8.7%, 10%, and 10.3%, respectively. Normal reference ranges of indexed volumes (mean±2SD) for right ventricular end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, stroke volume, and ejection fraction were 38.6 to 92.2 mL/m2, 7.8 to 50.6 mL/m2, 22.5 to 42.9 mL/m2, and 38.0% to 65.3%, respectively, for women and 47.0 to 100 mL/m2, 23.0 to 52.6 mL/m2, 14.2 to 48.4 mL/m2, and 29.9% to 58.4%, respectively, for men.
Reference: J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2007 May;20(5):445-55.
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Three-Dimensional Echocardiography
Gill E, Nanda, N, Lang R.
Comment: This is really a collection of 16 papers or chapters bound together in a book which provides a contemporary review of the current status of the technique from a variety of authors. It is also an excellent reference source.
Reference: Cardiology Clinics May 2007, Volume 25, Number 2 (Saunders Publishers).
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3D echocardiography: a review of the current status and future directions
Hung J, Lang R, Flachskampf F, Shernan SK, McCulloch ML, Adams DB, Thomas J, Vannan M, Ryan T.
Comment: Review fo the current status of 3D echocardiography, reviewing the evidence for its use in different clinical situations. A proposal of guidelines for appropriate application of this new technique based on available evidences is also made.
Reference: J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2007 Mar;20(3):213-33.
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Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: technological gadget or clinical tool?
Badano LP, Dall'Armellina E, Monaghan MJ, Pepi M, Baldassi M, Cinello M, Fioretti PM.
Comment: In this review the additive clinical value of 3D echo on current M-mode and 2D techniques are reviewed in various clinical situations.
Reference: J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2007 Mar;8(3):144-62.
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Three-dimensional echocardiography: the benefits of the additional dimension
Lang RM, Mor-Avi V, Sugeng L, Nieman PS, Sahn DJ.
Comment: A comprehensive review of the published reports that have provided the scientific basis for the clinical use of 3D echocardiography. Potential future applications of the technique are also discussed.
Reference: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Nov 21;48(10):2053-69.
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Head-to-head comparison of two- and three-dimensional transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in the localization of mitral valve prolapse
Pepi M, Tamborini G, Maltagliati A, Galli CA, Sisillo E, Salvi L, Naliato M, Porqueddu M, Parolari A, Zanobini M, Alamanni F
Comment: 112 consecutive patients with severe mitral regurgitation due to mitral valve prolapse underwent a complete 2D and 3D TTE the day before surgery and a complete 2D and 3D TEE in the operating room. Echocardiographic data obtained by the different techniques were compared with surgical inspection. Three-dimensional techniques were feasible in a relatively short time (3D TTE: 7 +/- 4 min; 3D TEE: 8 +/- 3 min), with good (3D TTE 55%; 3D TEE 35%) and optimal (3D TTE 21%; 3D TEE 45%) imaging quality in the majority of cases. Three-dimensional TEE allowed more accurate identification (95.6% accuracy) of all MV lesions in comparison with other techniques. Three-dimensional TTE and 2D TEE had similar accuracies (90% and 87%, respectively), whereas the accuracy of 2D TTE (77%) was significantly lower.
Reference: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Dec 19;48(12):2524-30.
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Role of real time 3D echocardiography in evaluating the left ventricle
Monaghan MJ.
Comment: The unique clinical value of 3D echocardiography in evaluating geometry and function of the left ventricle and how this new technique can overcome the limitations of M-mode and 2D echocardiography are discussed in this review.
Reference: Heart. 2006 Jan;92(1):131-6.
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The emerging role of three-dimensional echocardiography in mitral valve repair
Ryan LP, Salgo IS, Gorman RC, Gorman JH 3rd.
Comment: This article reviews the development of 3D echocardiography and presents illustrations of how it may be applied to improving mitral valve repair techniques. It is conceivable in the near future that mitral repair procedures will be designed and customized for each patient preoperatively using data obtained from 3D echo images and computerized virtual surgery techniques.
Reference: Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006 Summer;18(2):126-34.
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Real time three-dimensional echocardiography: specific indications and incremental value over traditional echocardiography
Nanda NC, Miller AP.
Comment: In this review, the Authors discuss procedures for and application of 3D echocardiography to address specific clinical questions.
Reference: J Cardiol. 2006 Dec;48(6):291-303.
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Three-dimensional echocardiography in mitral valve disease
Valocik G, Kamp O, Visser CA.
Comment: Based on the studies using three-dimensional echocardiography the Authors describe the topography of the mitral valve, its nonplanarity as well as dynamics of the mitral annulus. In addition, they review the use of three-dimensional echocardiography to assess different mitral valve disease.
Reference: Eur J Echocardiogr. 2005 Dec;6(6):443-54.
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Real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography: a review of the development of the technology and its clinical application.
Xie MX, Wang XF, Cheng TO, Lu Q, Yuan L, Liu X.
Comment: A review the development of the technology of RT3DE from reconstruction technique to real-time, with technical details about matrix probes and pros and cons of the different acquisition modes. Clinical applications of this technique are also discussed.
Reference: Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2005 Nov-Dec;48(3):209-25.
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Three-dimensional and four-dimensional fetal echocardiography: a new frontier.
Devore GR.
Comment: Review on how 3D echocardiography has enhanced the ability of the examiner to identify normal and complex fetal heart anatomy during the early second to the late third trimesters of pregnancy.
Reference: Curr Opin Pediatr. 2005 Oct;17(5):592-604. Review.
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Three-dimensional echo: transition from theory to real-time, a technology now ready for prime time.
Houck RC, Cooke J, Gill EA.
Comment: Detailed review of the development and use of 3D echocardiography from an historical perspective.
Reference: Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 2005 May-Jun;34(3):85-105.
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Impact of three-dimensional echocardiography in valvular heart disease.
Salehian O, Chan KL.
Comment: Developments in the field of 3D ultrasound imaging have allowed better qualitative assessment of valvular structures. The addition of color flow Doppler to the 3D imaging has provided improved visualization of regurgitant lesions and holds great promise for improved quantitative assessment of such lesions. However, clinical benefits of 3D echocardiography are yet to be demonstrated in properly conducted clinical trials, which are needed for wider acceptance of this technique.
Reference: Curr Opin Cardiol. 2005 Mar;20(2):122-6.
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Non-invasive assessment of mitral valve area during percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty: role of real-time 3D echocardiography
Zamorano J, Perez de Isla L, Sugeng L, Cordeiro P, Rodrigo JL, Almeira C, Weinert L, Feldman T, Macaya C, Lang RM, Antolin RH.
Comment: 29 patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis (27 women; mean age 48.2+/-11.3 years), all of which had underwent percutaneous balloon mitral valvulo (PMV). Mitral valve area (MVA) was calculated before and after PMV using the PHT method, 2D echo planimetry, RT3D echo planimetry and invasive determination (Gorlin's method). The RT3D MVA assessment showed a better agreement with the invasively derived MVA before and in the immediate post-PMV period (Bland-Altman analysis: Average difference between both methods and limits of agreement: 0.01 (-0.31 to 0.33) cm(2) and -0.12 (-0.71 to 0.47) cm(2)) before and immediately after the PMV, respectively.
Reference: Eur Heart J. 2004 Dec;25(23):2073-4.
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