Clinical Case Portal


Successful surgical repair of ventricular septal rupture



Date of publication:

24 Oct 2006

Topics:

Myocardial Disease
Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS)
Heart Failure (HF)

Authors:

LHB Baur, O. Reuchlin, M. van Vliet, R. Goei, B. Gho.
Department of cardiology LB, OR and BG, pulmonogy MV, radiology RG Atrium medical centre, Heerlen, the Netherlands
Corresponding author LHB Baur Dept of cardiology Atrium medical centre. Henri Dunantstreet 5. 6401CX Heerlen The Netherlands. phone: +31 45 5766666. fax: +31 45 5766133. e-mail: lbr01@atriummc.nl




Case Report

A 73 year old man was referred to pneumologist for dyspnoea and atypical chest pain. Electrocardiogram (fig. 1), chest X-ray and cardiac enzymes were normal.
A CT of the thorax excluded pulmonary embolism. Ten days later was referred again to the hospital because of increasing dyspnea. An echocardiogram showed akinesia of the inferior wall with a small aneurysm and a ventricular septal rupture with left to right shunt.
The cardiac catheterisation showed a subtotal stenosis of the right coronary artery and a normal left coronary artery. The patient was scheduled for open heart surgery.
The patient was operated successfully and received a patch to close the VSR. No CABG was performed.


Patient history prior to current observation :

Ten days before current observation, a 73 year old man was seen at the emergency department. He was referred to the pulmonogist because of dyspnoea and atypical chest pain at the right side of the thorax.
His past history revealed a inguinal hernia, appendicitis and silicosis. Physical examination showed no abnormalities. The electrocardiogram fig. 1 was normal, showing a sinus rhythm, horizontal axis and only a termal negative T-wave in lead III. The chest X-ray was also normal. The cardiac enzymes were also normal. (CK 70 U/l, ASAT 17 U/l, ALAT 7 U/l, trop T < 0.01). A CT of the thorax was performed to exclude pulmonary embolism fig. 2. With this CT pulmonary embolism could be excluded. The patient was sent back home.


Clinical findings on admission, evolution and outcome :

Ten days later was referred again to the hospital because of increasing dyspnea. After the first event dyspnea had disappeared but re-appeared since four days. He was now referred to the cardiology department. There was increasing dyspnea, and orthopnea since four days. He did not have chest pain. The physical examination revealed shortness of breath, a blood-pressure of 90/65 mmHg and a heart rate of 114 bpm. The central venous pressure was elevated. The cardiac auscultation revealed normal heart sounds and a grade 3/6 holosystolic murmur at the apex and fourth intercostal space at the left. There were normal pulmonary breathings sounds. The chest X-Ray showed an enlargement of the heart and a consolidation in the right upper lobe. The electrocardiogram (fig. 3) showed a sinustachycardia and a small q in lead II. The cardiac enzymes were normal exept an elevation of the Troponin T (0.37 U/l) and NT-pro-BNP (5660 U/l). Transthoracic chocardiography showed akinesia of the inferior wall with a small aneurysm and a ventricular septal rupture with flow from left to right (fig. 4 fig. 5 fig. 6). Coronary angiography showed a subtotal stenosis of the right coronary artery and a normal left coronary artery. The patient was scheduled for open heart surgery.
The patient was operated successfully and received a patch to close the VSR. No CABG was performed.

Discussion

Ventricular septal rupture is a serious complications occuring in 2 percent of all myocardial infarctions. It typically occurs three to five days after an acute myocardial infarction. The mortality is high, with a 74% 30 days mortality reported in the GUSTO trial. Typically the complication occurs in patients with a first myocardial infarction, who received no thrombolysis, single-vessel disease, a large myocardial infarction and poor collateral circulation,. The rupture develops mostly at the margin of necrotic and non-necrotic tissue: in an anterior infarction at the apex and in an inferior infarction at the base of the heart.

Conclusion

The typical presentation is a patient with a sudden onset of hypotension, biventricular heart failure and a holosystolic murmur at the apex and left sternal border irradiating the right.
The diagnosis can be made by two-dimensional echocardiography with color-flow Doppler imaging or cardiac MRI.
The treatment is surgical. The optimal timing depending on the hemodynamic status. In patients with cardiogenic shock, urgent surgery is needed. In patients with well preserved ventricular function the lowest surgical risk is reported six weeks after the infarction. Stabilisation can be attempted with vasodilators, inotropic agents and intraaortic balloon counterpulsation. Transcatheter closure of post-infarction ventricular septal defect may be usefull if the risk of surgical treatment is too high.

References

1) Laman RJ, Simons M. Mecahnical complications of acute myocardial infarction. UpToDate Vol 13. No2. 2005.
2) Reeder GS. Identification and treatment of complications of myocardial infarction. Mayo Clin. Proc. 1995; 70: 880-884.
3) Radford MJ, Johnson RA, Dagget WM, Fallon JT, Buckley MJ, Glod HK, Leinbach RC Ventricular septal rupture: A review of clinical and physiologic features and an analysis of survival. Circulation 1981; 64: 545-553.
4) Crenshaw BS, Granger CB, Birnbaum Y, Pieper KS, Morris DC, Kleiman NS, Vahanian A, Califf RM, Topol EJ Risk factors, angiographic patterns and outcomes in patients with ventricular septal defect complicating acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2000; 101: 27-32.
5) Birnbaum Y, Wagner GS, Gates KB, Thompson TD, Barbash GI, Siegel RJ, Granger CB, Fishbein MC, Crenshaw BS, Califf RM. Clinical and electrocardiographic variables associated with increased risk of ventricular septal defect in acute anterior myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. 2000; 86: 830-834.
6) Gertz SD, Kragel AH, Kalan JM, Braunwald E, Roberts WC. Comparison of coronary and myocardial morphologic findings in patients with and without thrombolytic therapy during fatal first acute myocardial infarction. The TIMI investigators. Am. J. Cardiol. 1990; 66: 904-909.
7) Mohrs OK, Nowak B, Voigtlaender T. Impending septal rupture in myocardial infarction detected by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Heart 2004; 90: 852.
8) Giuliani ER, Danielson GK, Pluth JR, Odyniec NA, Wallace RB. Postinfarction ventricular septal rupture: Surgical considerations and results. Circulation 1974; 49: 455-459.
9) Benton JP, Barker KS. Transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defect: A non-surgical approach to the care of the patient with acute ventricular septal rupture. Heart Lung 1992; 21: 356-364.

fig. 1 :
Successful surgical repair of ventricular septal rupture_ ECG on 1st evaluation


fig. 2 :
Successful surgical repair of ventricular septal rupture_ multislice CT


fig. 3 :
Successful surgical repair of ventricular septal rupture_ ECG on 2nd evaluation


fig. 4 :
Successful surgical repair of ventricular septal rupture_ TTE_CFM_subcostal view

Successful surgical repair of ventricular septal rupture_ TTE_CFM_subcostal view

Legend : Play video
: Full Screen video
: Sound video

fig. 5 :
Successful surgical repair of ventricular septal rupture_ TTE_2D_AP2C

Successful surgical repair of ventricular septal rupture_ TTE_2D_AP2C

Legend : Play video
: Full Screen video
: Sound video

fig. 6 :
Successful surgical repair of ventricular septal rupture_ TTE_2D_AP4C

Successful surgical repair of ventricular septal rupture_ TTE_2D_AP4C

Legend : Play video
: Full Screen video
: Sound video
 
Highlight On
Explore the Box here